Section C

　　Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will

　　hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only

　　once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four

　　choices marked A), B), C), D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer

　　Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

　　Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

　　16. A) When America's earliest space program started.

　　B) When the International Space Station was built.

　　C) How many space shuttle missions there will be.

　　D) How space research benefits people on Earth.

　　17. A) They accurately calculated the speed of the orbiting shuttles.

　　B) They developed objects for astronauts to use in outer space.

　　C) They tried to meet astronauts' specific requirements.

　　D) They tried to make best use of the latest technology.

　　18. A) They are extremely accurate. C) They were first made in space.

　　B) They are expensive to make. D) They were invented in the 1970s.

　　Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

　　19. A) It was when her ancestors came to America.

　　B) People had plenty of land to cultivate then.

　　C) It marked the beginning of something new.

　　D) Everything was natural and genuine then.

　　20. A) They believed in working for goals. C) They had all kinds of entertainment.

　　B) They enjoyed living a living a life of ease. D) They were known to be creative.

　　21. A) Chatting with her ancestors. C) Polishing all the silver work.

　　B) Furnishing her country house. D) Doing needlework by the fire.

　　Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

　　22. A) Use a map to identify your location. C) Sit down and try to calm yourself.

　　B) Call your family or friends for help. D) Try to follow your footprints back.

　　23. A) You may find a way out without your knowing it.

　　B) You may expose yourself to unexpected dangers.

　　C) You may get drowned in a sudden flood.

　　D) You may end up entering a wonderland.

　　24. A) Look for food. C) Start a fire.

　　B) Wait patiently. D) Walk uphill.

　　25. A) Inform somebody of your plan. C) Check the local weather.

　　B) Prepare enough food and drink. D) Find a map and a compass.

　　Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　A rat or pigeon might not be the obvious choice to tend to someone who is sick, but these creatures have some 26 skills that could help the treatment of human diseases.

　　Pigeons are often seen as dirty birds and an urban 27 , but they are just the latest in a long line of animals that have been found to have abilities to help humans. Despite having a brain no bigger than the 28 of your index finger, pigeons have a very impressive 29__ memory. Recently it was shown that they could be trained to be as accurate as humans at detecting breast cancer in images.

　　Rats are often 30 with spreading disease rather than 31 it, but this long-tailed animal is highly 32 . Inside a rat's nose are up to 1,000 different types of olfactory receptors （嗅觉感受器）, whereas humans only have 100 to 200 types. This gives rats the ability to detect __33 smells. As a result, some rats are being put to work to detect TB（肺结核）. When the rats detect the smell, they stop and rub their legs to 34 a sample is infected.

　　Traditionally, a hundred samples would take lab technicians more than two days to 35 , but for a rat it takes less than 20 minutes. This rat detection method doesn't rely on specialist equipment. It is also more accurate — the rats are able to find more TB infections and, therefore, save more lives.

　　A) associated I) slight

　　B) examine J) specify

　　C) indicate K) superior

　　D) nuisance L) suspicious

　　E) peak M) tip

　　F) preventing N) treated

　　G) prohibiting O) visual

　　H) sensitive

　　Section B

　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

　　Do In-Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?

　　Research suggests they may study more broadly for the unexpected rather than search for answers.

　　[A] I have always been a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather strange that I have returned to college to finish the degree I left undone some four decades ago. I am making my way through Columbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal answer while I am still processing the question.

　　[B] Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently questioning what kind are the most taxing and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated through numerous in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues take-home ones. I was excited when I learned this, figuring I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due. To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly.

　　[C] As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and guessing my grasp of it, I did some of my own polling among students and professors. David Eisenbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. presidents at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety. He believes students ultimately learn more and encourages them to form study groups. “That way they socialize over history outside the class, which wouldn’t happen without the pressure of an in-class exam,” he explained, “Furthermore, in-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essential work skill.”

　　[D] He also says there is less chance of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class entitled “Introduction To Congress.” Some colleges have what they call an “honor code,” though if you are smart enough to get into these schools, you are either smart enough to get around any codes or hopefully, too ethical to consider doing so. As I sat blocked and clueless for two solid days, I momentarily wondered if I couldn’t just call an expert on the subject matter which I was tackling, or someone who took the class previously, to get me going.

　　[E] Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean of students at Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school’s professors to refrain from take-hone exams. “Students risk health and well being, as well as performance in other end-of-term work, when faculty offers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries,” she told me. “Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better enhance learning and retention.”

　　[F] Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A quantitative-based one, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. Vocational-type classes, such as computer science or journalism, on the other hand, are often more research-oriented and lend themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches “History of Broadcast Journalism” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland, points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. “In my field, it’s not what you know—it’s what you know how to find out,” says Koch. “There is way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.

　　[G] Students’ test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course difficulty. “I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit and do more research,” says Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, “I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up.” Meanwhile, Olivia Rubin, a sophomore at Emory, says she hardly even considers take-homes true exams. “If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate (说出) your thoughts, they should be a breeze.”

　　[H] How students ultimately handle stress may depend on their personal test-taking abilities. There are people who always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questions are coming at them, and having no resources to refer to, can freeze. And then there are we rare folks who fit both those descriptions.

　　[I] Yes, my advanced age must factor into the equation (等式), in part because of my inability to

　　access the information as quickly. As another returning student at Columbia, Kate Marber, told

　　me, “We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our

　　fellow students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in

　　school.”

　　[J] If nothing else, the situation has given my college son and me something to share, When I

　　asked his opinion on this matter, he responded, “I like in-class exams because the time is

　　already reserved, as opposed to using my free time at home to work on a test,” he responded.

　　It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in

　　advance, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking clock overhead.

　　[K] Better yet, how about what one Hunter College professor reportedly did recently for her final

　　exam: She encouraged the class not to stress or even study, promising that, “It is going to be a

　　piece of cake.” When the students came in, sharpened pencils in hand, there was not a blue

　　book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.

　　36. Elderly students find it hard to keep up with the rapid changes in education.

　　37. Some believe take-home exams may affect students' performance in other courses.

　　38. Certain professors believe in-class exams are ultimately more helpful to students.

　　39. In-class exams are believed to discourage cheating in exams.

　　40. The author was happy to learn she could do some exams at home.

　　41. Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams more difficult than

　　they actually are.

　　42. Different students may prefer different types of exams.

　　43. Most professors agree whether to give an in-class or a take-home exam depends on type of

　　course being taught.

　　44. The author dropped out of college some forty years ago.

　　45. Some students think take-home exams will eat up their free time.

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.