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­　　GRE阅读题目解析:美国农业土地资源问题

­　　P4

­　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

­　　8. The author is primarily concerned with

­　　(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation

­　　(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable

­　　(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author‘s own interpretation

­　　(D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation

­　　(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlier interpretation.

­　　9. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

­　　(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States

­　　(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land

­　　(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products

­　　(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries

­　　(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products

­　　10. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into an interdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system

­　　(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontier remained open

­　　(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new land remained available for farming

­　　(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in international communications and transportation

­　　(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of several nations

­　　(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreign markets

­　　11. The author‘s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s, American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were

­　　(A) much smaller and in the same direction

­　　(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction

­　　(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction

­　　(D) similar in size but in the opposite direction

­　　(E) slightly greater and in the same direction

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­　　P4

­　　1

­　　The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

­　　历史学者 F 于 1890 年代写道，自 1870 年起就土地问题产生的日益严重的不满情绪，在美国国内边界被关闭后，突然加速升级 —— 也就是说，可供美国农业系统扩张的，新的土地资源已经耗尽。

­　　(agrarian 土地的，耕地的

­　　precipitate 使突然发生，使加速)

­　　2

­　　Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century.

­　　然而，实际上整个十九世纪及之后的美国，一直有新的土地被用作农业开发。

­　　3

­　　The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.

­　　美国(国内)开发进度的停滞完全基于推测，单强调这一点掩盖了十九世纪后半，一系列国际贸易条件和影响的改变的重要意义。

­　　(frontier 一般只国界、边境，也可以指(某地区内部)已开发地区的边界、欠发达地区。

­　　从前面论述的内容，我们大致可以推断，本文在讲农村的不满情绪而不是领土争端，那么 American frontier 肯定不是美国或美洲的外部国界。frontier 消失，可以理解为一个国家内部没有新的土地可供农业开发，我把它意译为农业 “ 开发进度的停滞 ”，不再继续推进了 。

­　　作者写到这里，用证据反驳了学者 F 的观点，frontier 没有关闭，也就暗示着农民的不满情绪有其他原因。后半段文章作者会提出他对这种不满情绪的解释。)

­　　4

­　　Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system.

­　　在阿根廷，澳洲，加拿大和美国西部，大片土地被殖民和开垦，这些地区和欧洲国家共同组成了一个互相依存的市场体系。

­　　5

­　　Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish.

­　　因此，农业萧条不再限于某地区或国家，进而波及了若干国内土地资源尚未耗尽或不会耗尽的国家。

­　　6

­　　Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. (198 words)

­　　1870 年代早期到 1890 年代，美国高涨的农村不满情绪，伴随着美国农业产品在国际市场上价格几乎不间断的下跌。

­　　8. The author is primarily concerned with

­　　(A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation

­　　(B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable

­　　(C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author‘s own interpretation

­　　(D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation

­　　(E) presenting evidence in support of a controversial version of an earlier interpretation.

­　　选 A

­　　A 作者没有否认 “ 农民不满 ” 这个事实，而是对 F 提出的解释提出了质疑，他先是用证据(句 2)否定了作者的证据(F 认为没有新地了，实际上一直有)，然后提出了自己的解释，是新的国际贸易格局中，萧条波及了仍然有地的国家，导致产品价格一直下跌，农民才不满。

­　　关于萧条再说几句，粗糙地理解，萧条就是有粮食卖不出去。对于国内农业 frontier 已经关闭的国家，也就是原有的土地上产出的粮食的价格受影响;对于仍然不断开垦新地的国家(比如十九世纪晚期美国)，形势是粮食本来就卖不出去，还增加供给(垦种新地，增产)，那可以想象价格就会一直走低，越跌越低，农民当然不开心。

­　　9. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

­　　(A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States

­　　(B) underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land

­　　(C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products

­　　(D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries

­　　(E) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products

­　　选 D

­　　见句 5，“Consequently, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish.”

­　　本句的 nations 当然包括美国，因为句 2 明确告诉我们，美国整个十九世纪及以后一直有 new lands 。

­　　10. The author implies that, after certain territories and countries had been joined into an interdependent market system in the nineteenth century, agrarian depressions within that system

­　　(A) spread to several nations, excluding those in which the internal frontier remained open

­　　(B) manifested themselves in several nations, including those in which new land remained available for farming

­　　(C) slowed down the pace of new technological developments in international communications and transportation

­　　(D) affected the local and national prices of the nonagricultural products of several nations

­　　(E) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural products on foreign markets

­　　选 B

­　　见句 4、5、6 。

­　　11. The author‘s argument implies that, compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s, American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were

­　　(A) much smaller and in the same direction

­　　(B) much smaller but in the opposite direction

­　　(C) slightly smaller and in the same direction

­　　(D) similar in size but in the opposite direction

­　　(E) slightly greater and in the same direction

­　　选 D

­　　让我们推测，1880 年代的美国农民，希望价格怎么变，用脚想都知道，他们希望价格大涨，他们好赚钱。

­　　changes (价格)波动，文中我们知道，美国农民一直不满，价格一直在跌，所以只能从 opposite direction 里选，淘汰 ACE，B 是“涨一点(比跌幅小得多)”，D 是“跟跌幅程度差不多的涨幅”。当然选 D 。好，穿袜子吧。

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